Soy and Genistein

We’re busy updating our review of soy and genistein and will provide a rating when that’s complete. While we’re working, we share a summary from our predecessor website, Beyond Conventional Cancer Therapies. The information we share here was last updated in April 2021.

Please consider supporting our update and revision to this information.

Genistein / Soy

The beans of the soy plant contain isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogens which are chemical structures similar to the estrogen made in our bodies. However, phytoestrogens are not the same as female estrogens. Soy foods do not contain estrogen,¹Dyer D. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. January 2014. Viewed November 17, 2017. and is not likely to have estrogen-like effects on hormonally responsive tissues.²Evidence-Based Monographs: Soy and Soy Isoflavones. Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre. Viewed May 14, 2019.

Soy consumption has been associated with lower risks of breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer in women, as well as better survival in breast cancer and lung cancer and lower prostate cancer markers. Soy consumption may be associated with increased risk of bladder cancer

While in the past patients on tamoxifen were advised to avoid soy and genistein, more recent data suggest that soy does not reduce effects of tamoxifen and may even protect against estrogen-related endometrial cancers.³Dyer D. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. January 2014. Viewed November 17, 2017; Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Berkeley, California: Celestial Arts. 2010. p. 374; Messina M. Soy and health update: evaluation of the clinical and epidemiologic literature. Nutrients. 2016 Nov 24;8(12). pii: E754.

Also known by these names

Key Points

• Before using this therapy, consult your oncology team about interactions with other treatments and therapies. Also make sure this therapy is safe for use with any other medical conditions you may have.
• Soy contains large amounts of isoflavones, including genistein.
• In laboratory studies, isoflavones have slowed the growth of several types of cancer.
• BCCT is interested in soy because it may reduce risk of breast, prostate and lung cancers, plus colorectal cancer in women. It may also prolong survival and reduce recurrence in some cancer patients.
• Soy can increase risk of bladder cancer.
• Cell and animal studies have shown that adding soy food nutrients to tamoxifen inhibits the growth of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer cells.
• Not enough information about soy supplements, such as concentrated isoflavones, has been assessed to determine if they are safe.
• Soy or genistein can interfere or interact with a few other prescription medications.

Treating the Cancer

Working against cancer growth or spread, improving survival, or working with other treatments or therapies to improve their anticancer action

Clinical Evidence

Breast Cancer

• Improved breast cancer survival with intake of soy foods (but not supplements), but only among women with tumors that were negative for hormone receptors and those who did not receive hormone therapy for their breast cancer⁴Zhang FF, Haslam DE et al. Dietary isoflavone intake and all-cause mortality in breast cancer survivors: the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer. 2017 Jun 1;123(11):2070-2079; Chi F, Wu R, Zeng YC, Xing R, Liu Y, Xu ZG. Post-diagnosis soy food intake and breast cancer survival: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2013;14(4):2407-12; Caan BJ, Natarajan L et al. Soy food consumption and breast cancer prognosis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2011 May;20(5):854-8. but see the Cautions section below regarding HER2 positive breast cancer.
• Population studies do not show any harmful interactions between soy foods and anti-estrogen medications, and protective effects have been seen for women who take tamoxifen or the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole.⁵Kang X, Zhang Q, Wang S, Huang X, Jin S. Effect of soy isoflavones on breast cancer recurrence and death for patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2010 Nov 23;182(17):1857-62; American Institute for Cancer Research. Soy and Cancer Survivorship. Viewed November 28, 2017.

Lung Cancer

• Among women with lung cancer, prediagnosis intake of soy food is associated with better overall survival.⁶Yang G, Shu XO et al. Prediagnosis soy food consumption and lung cancer survival in women. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2013 Apr 20;31(12):1548-53.

Ovarian Cancer

• Genistein has showed mixed results in ovarian cancer, but in a case study of a woman with ovarian cancer resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy, the cancer stabilized and then improved following treatment with a concentrated fermented soy extract.⁷Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Berkeley, California: Celestial Arts. 2010. p. 335.

Prostate Cancer

• Supplementation with genistein and other soy isoflavones lowers⁸van Die MD, Bone KM et al. Phytotherapeutic interventions in the management of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review of randomised trials. BJU Int. 2016 Apr;117 Suppl 4:17-34; Lazarevic B, Boezelijn G et al. Efficacy and safety of short-term genistein intervention in patients with localized prostate cancer prior to radical prostatectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase 2 clinical trial. Nutrition and Cancer. 2011;63(6):889-98. or stabilizes⁹Hussain M, Banerjee M et al. Soy isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nutrition and Cancer. 2003;47(2):111-7. PSA levels in men with prostate cancer.
• Anticancer effects with genistein supplementation include changes in expression of genes involved in developmental processes, stem cell markers, proliferation and transcriptional regulation.¹⁰Bilir B, Sharma NV et al. Effects of genistein supplementation on genome‑wide DNA methylation and gene expression in patients with localized prostate cancer. International Journal of Oncology. 2017 Jul;51(1):223-234.
• Soy supplements decreased serum sex hormone levels but not androgen receptor expression in a small pilot study.¹¹van Veldhuizen PJ, Thrasher JB et al. Dose effect of soy supplementation in prostate cancer: a pilot study. Oncology Reports. 2006 Dec;16(6):1221-4.
• A combination of soy isoflavones and curcumin decreased PSA levels in patients with PSA of 10 or higher.¹²Ide H, Tokiwa S et al. Combined inhibitory effects of soy isoflavones and curcumin on the production of prostate-specific antigen. Prostate. 2010 Jul 1;70(10):1127-33.

Lab and Animal Evidence

Managing Side Effects and Promoting Wellness

Managing or relieving side effects or symptoms, reducing treatment toxicity, supporting quality of life or promoting general well-being

Soy isoflavones protected normal tissues and organs against radiation damage in prostate cancer patients²³Hillman GG. Soy isoflavones protect normal tissues while enhancing radiation responses. Seminars in Radiation Oncology. 2019 Jan;29(1):62-71. and reduced urinary, bowel, and sexual adverse symptoms induced by radiation therapy for prostate cancer in a small pilot study.²⁴Ahmad IU, Forman JD et al. Soy isoflavones in conjunction with radiation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Nutrition and Cancer. 2010;62(7):996-1000.

Soy isoflavones show slight and slow effects in attenuating menopausal hot flashes compared with estradiol²⁵Li L, Lv Y, Xu L, Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2015 Apr;79(4):593-604. but greater effects than placebo in some studies²⁶Taku K, Melby MK, Kronenberg F, Kurzer MS, Messina M. Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause. 2012 Jul;19(7):776-90. but not all.²⁷Evidence-Based Monographs: Soy and Soy Isoflavones. Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre. Viewed May 14, 2019. The 2015 update of the North American Menopause Society’s evidence-based position on nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms found that S-equol derivatives of soy isoflavones may be beneficial for alleviating hot flashes.Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms: 2015 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2015;22:1155–1172.

Soy products have protected mucosal cells against methotrexate toxicity in animals, potentially reducing mucositis, stomatitis, diarrhea, decreased nutrient absorption, translocation of gastrointestinal bacteria, and anorexia.²⁸Sahin I, Bilir B, Ali S, Sahin K, Kucuk O. Soy isoflavones in integrative oncology: increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of cancer therapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2019 Jan-Dec;18:1534735419835310. Consistent with this, a pilot study in children showed less myelosuppression, mucositis, and infection when genistein was taken with chemotherapy, and patients who received abdominal radiation reported less pain and diarrhea when they took the genistein supplement.²⁹Tacyildiz N, Ozyoruk D et al. Soy isoflavones ameliorate the adverse effects of chemotherapy in children. Nutrition and Cancer. 2010;62(7):1001-5.

Reducing Risk

Reducing the risk of developing cancer or the risk of recurrence

Clinical Evidence

Soy consumption is associated with reduced risk of some cancers but increased risk of others.

• A 2018 review and meta-analysis found soy foods and their isoflavones (genistein and daidzein) are associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer.³⁰Applegate CC, Rowles JL, Ranard KM, Jeon S, Erdman JW. Soy consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2018 Jan 4;10(1). pii: E40.
• Soy consumption may protect against breast cancer.³¹Wu AH, Koh WP, Wang R, Lee HP, Y u MC. Soy intake and breast cancer risk in Singapore Chinese Health Study. British Journal of Cancer. 2008 Jul 8;99(1):196-200; Wu AH, Wan P, Hankin J, Tseng CC, Yu MC, Pike MC. Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Carcinogenesis. 2002 Sep;23(9):1491-6; Wu AH, Yu MC, Tseng CC, Pike MC. Epidemiology of soy exposures and breast cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer. 2008 Jan 15;98(1):9-14; Evidence-Based Monographs: Soy and Soy Isoflavones. Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre. Viewed May 14, 2019. Women consuming moderate amounts of soy throughout their lives have lower breast cancer risk than women who do not consume soy. This protective effect may originate from soy intake early in life.³²Hilakivi-Clarke L, Andrade JE, Helferich W. Is soy consumption good or bad for the breast? Journal of Nutrition. 2010 Dec;140(12):2326S-2334S; Korde LA, Wu AH et al. Childhood soy intake and breast cancer risk in Asian American women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2009 Apr;18(4):1050-9; Messina M, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Early intake appears to be the key to the proposed protective effects of soy intake against breast cancer. Nutrition and Cancer. 2009;61(6):792-8. Soy consumption is also associated with lower recurrence of breast cancer, even among postmenopausal women treated with tamoxifen.³³Guha N, Kwan ML et al. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2009 Nov;118(2):395-405; Nechuta SJ, Caan BJ et al. Soy food intake after diagnosis of breast cancer and survival: an in-depth analysis of combined evidence from cohort studies of US and Chinese women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012 Jul;96(1):123-32; Messina M, Caan BJ, Abrams DI, Hardy M, Maskarinec G. It’s time for clinicians to reconsider their proscription against the use of soyfoods by breast cancer patients. Oncology (Williston Park). 2013 May;27(5):430-7; Evidence-Based Monographs: Soy and Soy Isoflavones. Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre. Viewed May 14, 2019.
• High intake of isoflavones may also reduce risk of lung cancer,³⁴Shimazu T, Inoue M et al. Isoflavone intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective cohort study in Japan. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2010 Mar;91(3):722-8. (in nonsmokers), colorectal cancer (in women)³⁵Budhathoki S, Joshi AM et al. Soy food and isoflavone intake and colorectal cancer risk: the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2011 Feb;46(2):165-72; Yan L, Spitznagel EL, Bosland MC. Soy consumption and colorectal cancer risk in humans: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2010 Jan;19(1):148-58. and endometrial cancers.³⁶Zhong XS, Ge J et al. Association between dietary isoflavones in soy and legumes and endometrial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2018 Apr;118(4):637-651.

Lab and Animal Evidence

Optimizing Your Terrain

Creating an environment within your body that does not support cancer development, growth or spread

Clinical Evidence

Evidence is generally favorable but sometimes inconclusive. Soy consumption is associated with reduced inflammation⁴⁰Ramdath DD, Padhi EM, Sarfaraz S, Renwick S, Duncan AM. Beyond the cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein: a review of the effects of dietary soy and its constituents on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Nutrients. 2017 Mar 24;9(4). pii: E324. and improved hormone balance,⁴¹Sivoňová MK, Kaplán P et al. Androgen receptor and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer. Molecular and Clinical Oncology. 2019 Feb;10(2):191-204; Douglas CC, Johnson SA, Arjmandi BH. Soy and its isoflavones: the truth behind the science in breast cancer. Anticancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2013 Oct;13(8):1178-87. although the specific interactions with hormones are still under investigation.

Genestein shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects⁴²Amado NG, Fonseca BF, Cerqueira DM, Neto VM, Abreu JG. Flavonoids: potential Wnt/beta-catenin signaling modulators in cancer. Life Sciences. 2011 Oct 10;89(15-16):545-54.

Access

Soybeans and foods derived from soybeans are widely available. Extracts are sold as dietary supplements.

Cautions

While in the past patients on tamoxifen were advised to avoid soy and genistein, more recent data suggest that soy does not reduce effects of tamoxifen and may even protect against estrogen-related endometrial cancers.

Soy Foods

Soy foods are generally well tolerated by patient. “Regular ingestion of moderate amounts of soy daily seems to be safe—especially with the traditional fermented soy foods such as miso, tempeh, and natto when made from organic non-GMO soybeans.”⁴³Lemole G, Mehta P, McKee D. After Cancer Care: The Definitive Self-Care Guide to Getting and Staying Well for Patients with Cancer. New York, New York: Rodale, Inc. 2015.

High intake of soy isoflavones or soy-based food during infancy and in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids in premenopausal women.⁴⁴Qin H, Lin Z et al. High soy isoflavone or soy-based food intake during infancy and in adulthood is associated with an increased risk of uterine fibroids in premenopausal women: a meta-analysis. Nutrition Research. 2019 Nov;71:30-42.

In HER2 positive breast cancer patients, soy consumption has been associated with a greater risk of recurrence,⁴⁵Woo HD, Park KS, Ro J, Kim J. Differential influence of dietary soy intake on the risk of breast cancer recurrence related to HER2 status. Nutrition and Cancer. 2012;64(2):198-205. and overexpression of genes that promote cell proliferation.⁴⁶Shike M, Doane AS et al. The effects of soy supplementation on gene expression in breast cancer: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2014 Sep 4;106(9). Naturopathic oncologist and BCCT advisor Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO, recommends limiting consumption of soy products to one serving daily for women with a history or high risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer.

A diet high in soy, when combined with iodine deficiency, can increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Therefore, a diet high in soy products may be contraindicated for those diagnosed with thyroid cancer or at high risk of thyroid cancer.⁴⁷Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. New York: Crown Publishing Company. 2010. p. 369. Soy consumption may be associated with increased risks of bladder cancer, although evidence is contradictory across studies.⁴⁸Sun CL, Yuan JM et al. Dietary soy and increased risk of bladder cancer: a prospective cohort study of men in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Cancer. 2004 Nov 1;112(2):319-23; Sun CL, Yuan JM et al. Dietary soy and increased risk of bladder cancer: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2002 Dec;11(12):1674-7; Wada K, Tsuji M et al. Soy isoflavone intake and bladder cancer risk in Japan: from the Takayama Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2018 Nov;27(11):1371-1375.

Soy Supplements

Not enough information about soy supplements, such as concentrated isoflavones, has been assessed to determine if they are safe.⁴⁹Dyer D. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. January 2014. Viewed November 17, 2017. Because phytoestrogens and their active metabolites can remain in food/meat, they may influence the hormonal balance of those consuming the food. Phytoestrogens may affect fertility, sexual development and behavior.⁵⁰Sahin I, Bilir B, Ali S, Sahin K, Kucuk O. Soy isoflavones in integrative oncology: increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of cancer therapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2019 Jan-Dec;18:1534735419835310.

A 2016 review found that estrogenic isoflavone-based food supplements are associate with both increased risk and decreased risk of breast cancer. The authors concluded that benefits do not outweigh the risks to postmenopausal women.⁵¹Rietjens IMCM, Louisse J, Beekmann K. The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2017 Jun;174(11):1263-1280. This is consistent with animal studies showing increased metastasis with the use of soy supplements.⁵²Martínez-Montemayor MM, Otero-Franqui E et al. Individual and combined soy isoflavones exert differential effects on metastatic cancer progression. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 2010 Oct;27(7):465-80; Yang X, Belosay A et al. Dietary soy isoflavones increase metastasis to lungs in an experimental model of breast cancer with bone micro-tumors. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 2015 Apr;32(4):323-33.

Consumption of soy supplements may cause mild stomach and intestinal side effects such as constipation, bloating and nausea and may also cause allergic reactions involving rash, itching, and anaphylaxis in some people.⁵³Sahin I, Bilir B, Ali S, Sahin K, Kucuk O. Soy isoflavones in integrative oncology: increased efficacy and decreased toxicity of cancer therapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2019 Jan-Dec;18:1534735419835310.

Interactions with a few prescription medications are noted. These include tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors.⁵⁴Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Soy. September 11, 2017. Viewed November 28, 2017.

Soy supplementation had been proposed as a cause of endometrial hyperplasia, but several studies have found no increased risk.⁵⁵Quaas AM1, Kono N et al. Effect of isoflavone soy protein supplementation on endometrial thickness, hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2013 Aug;20(8):840-4; Colacurci N, De Franciscis P et al. Endometrial, breast and liver safety of soy isoflavones plus Lactobacillus sporogenes in post-menopausal women. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2013 Mar;29(3):209-12; Palacios S, Pornel B et al. Long-term endometrial and breast safety of a specific, standardized soy extract. Climacteric. 2010 Aug;13(4):368-75; Palacios S, Pornel B et al. Endometrial safety assessment of a specific and standardized soy extract according to international guidelines. Menopause. 2007 Nov-Dec;14(6):1006-11. Animal evidence (see above) shows a protective effect against endometrial cancer.⁵⁶Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. New York: Crown Publishing Company. 2010.

Further adverse effects and side effects are noted on the Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs webpage: Soy. However, the About Herbs site does not reflect recent results regarding finding of effects of soy consumption for women taking anti-estrogen hormone therapy for breast cancer.

Dosing

CancerChoices does not recommend therapies or doses but provides information for patients and providers to consider as part of a complete treatment plan. Patients should discuss therapies with their physicians, as contraindications, interactions and side effects must be evaluated. Levels of active ingredients of natural products can vary widely between and even within products. See Sourcing Quality Herbs and Supplements.

A 2018 review offers this guidance: “Women with breast cancer can be advised to enjoy a reasonable amount of whole soy foods, while avoiding supplemental soy protein and isoflavone isolates. A reasonable amount can be deduced from the average soy consumption in Asian populations, which provides 10–20 mg of soy isoflavones per person daily. This is the amount found in 30 g of whole soy products such as tofu.”⁵⁷Lemanne D, Maizes V. Advising women undergoing treatment for breast cancer: a narrative review. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2018 Sep/Oct;24(9-10):902-909.

Further recommendations are available from these sources:

• Natural Medicines Database(requires purchase)
• Protocols (below) may include specific recommended doses.

Integrative Programs, Protocols and Medical Systems

For more information about programs and protocols, see our Integrative Programs and Protocols page.

• Programs and protocols
  • Alschuler & Gazella complementary approaches⁵⁸Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment, and Healing. Berkeley, California: Celestial Arts. 2010; Alschuler LN, Gazella KA. The Definitive Guide to Thriving after Cancer: A Five-Step Integrative Plan to Reduce the Risk of Recurrence and Build Lifelong Health. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 2013.
    • Ovarian cancer
    • Prostate cancer
    • Primary bone cancer (such as osteosarcoma)
    • Uterine cancer
• Block program, with reference to prostate cancer⁵⁹Block KI. Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment. New York: Bantam Dell. 2009.
• Chang strategies, with reference to prostate cancer⁶⁰Chang R. Beyond the Magic Bullet: The Anti-Cancer Cocktail. New York: Square One Publishers. 2012.
• MacDonald breast cancer program⁶¹MacDonald B. The Breast Cancer Companion: A Complementary Care Manual: Third Edition. 2016.
• McKinney protocols⁶²McKinney N. Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition. Victoria, BC, Canada: Liaison Press. 2016.
  • General cancer
  • Breast cancer
  • Ovarian cancer
  • Prostate cancer
• Traditional systems
  • Traditional Chinese medicine

This summary draws from the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center’s About Herbs and National Cancer Institute’s PDQ® websites, the American Institute for Cancer Research website, and other sources as noted.

Helpful links

• Evidence-Based Monographs, The Centre for Health Innovation:
  • Health professional version: Soy for Breast Cancer
  • Patient version: Soy for Breast Cancer
• American Institute for Cancer Research website. Soy and Cancer Survivorship
• National Cancer Institute: Prostate Cancer, Nutrition, and Dietary Supplements (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version: Soy
• Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center About Herbs webpage: Soy
• Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Oncology Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group: Soy and Breast Cancer
• Moss Reports (purchase required): Select from the list of cancers down the left side of the page for a report describing uses of conventional, complementary, alternative and integrative therapies related to that cancer. Ralph Moss is among the most knowledgeable and balanced researchers of integrative cancer therapies. The cost of his Moss Reports is not negligible, but many patients find them of considerable value. Moss is also available for consultations.
• Dawn Lemanne and Victoria Maizes: Advising Women Undergoing Treatment for Breast Cancer
• LifeExtension Nutritional Support: Diet and Lifestyle Considerations for Breast Cancer
• Barbara MacDonald, ND, LAc: The Breast Cancer Companion: A Complementary Care Manual: Third Edition
• Keith Block and others: A Broad-Spectrum Integrative Design for Cancer Prevention and Therapy
• Dwight McKee, MD, editor: Clinical Pearls
• National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health: PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries
• Raymond Chang, MD: Beyond the Magic Bullet: The Anti-Cancer Cocktail
• Donald I. Abrams, MD, and Andrew T. Weil, MD: Integrative Oncology, 2nd Edition
• Neil McKinney, BSc, ND: Naturopathic Oncology, 3rd Edition
• Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO, and Karolyn Gazella: The Definitive Guide to Cancer, 3rd Edition
• Keith I. Block, MD: Life over Cancer: The Block Center Program for Integrative Cancer Treatment
• Lorenzo Cohen and Alison Jefferies: Anticancer Living: Transform Your Life and Health with the Mix of Six
• The Tracey Birnhak Nutritional Counseling Services: Soy and Breast Cancer
• National Cancer Institute: Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Health Professionals
• National Cancer Institute: Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Therapeutic Research Center: Natural Medicines Database
• American Botanical Council: HerbMed
• ConsumerLab.com